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I stumble over this one a lot and sort of puts me off a bit. "Я был адвокат", "Петруччо был почтмейстер".
I guess this can be also applied to adjectives like "Я была красивая" or "Я была красивой"?
For some reason I always thought that it should be "Я был адвокатом", "Петруччо был почтмейстером" and "Я была красивой" - but I could be wrong.

Is there a relevant rule?

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It's correct to say быть кем-то/быть чем-то:

Он хочет быть учителем. (not он хочет быть учитель)

Она красивая BUT Она была красивой. (Она была красивая can sometimes be heard but it's less correct than она была красивой)

Шоу будет зрелищным (I think I've heard шоу будет зрелищное but actually, just like in the sentence above, the form of the adjective should be different - зрелищным, not зрелищное)

All in all, when there is a noun or a noun phrase after быть, the instrumental case is always used: быть хорошим человеком, быть медсестрой, etc.

If there is an adjective after быть, the instrumental case should be used too. However, in colloquial Russian the nominative case is sometimes used.

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