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In english it is common for me to add a term of endearment to the end of a greeting or goodbye. What are some common ones for people you casually know or are close to in these situations?
I would say: "Hey man" to a guy I know well. "Hi baby" (and others) to a girl very close to me. "Hello sir" to a man I met. Simply "Ma'am (Madam)" to a woman I just met.
You may use "Здравствуйте" (Hello) or "Доброе утро/Добрый день/Добрый вечер" (Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening) to greet any person you know or do not know, this is more of respectful greeting than an informal.
You may use "Привет" (Hi) or "Приветствую" (Greetings) as an informal greeting to the person you know quite well, but never to the person of older age.
If you know a person you are greeting, you may use his/her name after the greeting, like "Привет, Саша" (Hi Alex), or "Александр Петрович, здравствуйте". The order of words does not matter much.
In written form, a comma is required between the name and the greeting phrase.
"Adding a term of endearment" to a greeting is not much common in Russian except for the close relations. Usually you may choose between several forms of greeting (like 'Добрый день', 'Здравствуйте', 'Привет', 'Здоро́во' etc.) and (last but not least) accent.
Yet there exist several "slanguish" forms: "Здоро́во, пацаны" (Hi, pals); "Привет, братан" (Hi bro); "Привет, дружище" (Hi fellow) "Привет, мужики" (Hi buddies); "Эй, земляк" (Hey, man (literally "Hey fellow contryman")); "Эй, братишка" (Hey bro) and so on.
