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Все дело в происхождении слова. В древнерусском «светлый» имело вид свѣтьлъ, а «смуглый» – смаглъ / смѧглъ. Исходя из современного состояния языка это объяснить сложно, проще запомнить, а лучше ...

The disappearing vowel is called a fleeting / mobile vowel («беглая» гласная). Some words have them, most don't. If a noun has a fleeting vowel, then it will obey these rules: A fleeting vowel can ...

играй is the imperative mood form that is used for making command and requests. огонём does not exist, the only correct form is огнём - the middle o is dropped - when vowel behaves like that it's ...

It's not irregular. The mobile vowel is a typical phenomenon for [almost] any masculine singular, non-loan word consisting of two syllables, starting with a singular consonant and taking -и/-ы (and ...

1) The prohibitive form (Ru) with an infinitive (не + the infinitive) is more official and is used in a colloquial speech as a form of rude impersonal command only: Не играть с огнём. => Не играй с ...

No, this missing letter is just an exception. But there are exceptions for some plural nouns' endings like: Учи́тель - учителя́ (Род. падеж for singular - учи́теля) Дом - дома́ (Род. ...

This extra vowel (mobile vowel) may appear in the grammatical cases when a noun has no ending. But you can't say for sure if it does. In your example this mobile vowel disappears in all cases except ...