Those are "девелоперское окружение" (or even "девелоперский энвайормент"), or just simple "дев", "тестинг" or (very rarely and in official documentation) "тестовое окружение", "стейджинг", "препродакшн" or "препрод" and, finally, "продакшен", or just "прод".
Whether we like it or not, huge portion of dev-related terminology just used as is in Russian - and therefor become a part of Russian vocaublary just like word "танк", "гаубица" or "телеграф" did. However every time one need to check. For instance, branched in version control are called interchangeably "бранч" and "ветка", for DB connections one can hear both "подключение" and "коннекшен". Or, for example, the most widely adopted pronunciation for ssh is "эс-эс-аш", not "эс-эс-эйч".