First of all: can I use Eсли without бы or бы without Eсли?
бы
is a way to express Subjunctive mood in Russian. Verb forms are translated into English with would / could when бы
is used.
So to answer your question: yes, you can but that changes the meaning. Everything with бы
is not real.
why there is another structure?
This looks like a word order question. Why если бы я был
and not если я был бы
? First of all there are things you have to take for granted when learning a language.
But the explanation can be like this: the sooner you introduce бы
the better because it changes everything: real to unreal.
Plus бы
is so flexible that it can be practically anywhere in a sentence not to mention that it can be repeated many times in one sentence (in colloquial speech):
Я бы хотел бы ...
Если меня здесь не было, я бы не хотел изучать русский язык.
This is not correct (grammatically and stylistically). To fix grammar:
Если бы меня здесь не было, я бы не хотел изучать русский язык.
Basically it means: If I were not here I wouldn't want to learn Russian. To fix both:
Если бы я сюда не приехал, я бы не стал изучать русский язык.
why there is a genitive or accusative case for "me" instead of я
There is a difference between personal and impersonal verbs. Compare:
Я не здесь. Я не был здесь.
- personal
Меня здесь нет. Меня здесь не было.
- impersonal
So I
is not in Nominative (я
) but in Genitive (меня
) because I
is not a subject but an object in these sentences.